Why Is the Ocean Salty Composition of Sea Water

Have you ever wondered why the ocean is salty? Have you wondered why lakes might not be salty? Heres a look at what makes the ocean salty and why other bodies of water have a different chemical composition. Key Takeaways: Why Is the Sea Salty? The oceans of the world have a fairly stable salinity of about 35 parts per thousand. The main salts include dissolved sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, and sodium bicarbonate. In water, these are sodium, magnesium, and potassium cations, and chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate anions.The reason the sea is salty is because it is very old. Gases from volcanoes dissolved in the water, making it acidic. The acids dissolved minerals from lava, producing ions. More recently, ions from eroded rocks entered the ocean as rivers drained into the sea.While some lakes are very salty (high salinity), some do not taste salty because they contain low amounts of sodium and chloride (table salt) ions. Others are more dilute simply because the water drains toward the sea and is replaced by fresh rainwater or other precipitation. Why the Sea Is Salty Oceans have been around a very long time, so some of the salts were added to the water at a time when gases and lava were spewing from increased volcanic activity. The carbon dioxide dissolved in water from the atmosphere forms weak carbonic acid which dissolves minerals. When these minerals dissolve, they form ions, which make the water salty. While water evaporates from the ocean, the salt gets left behind. Also, rivers drain into the oceans, bringing in additional ions from rock that was eroded by rainwater and streams. The saltiness of the ocean, or its salinity, is fairly stable at about 35 parts per thousand. To give you a sense of how much salt that is, it is estimated that if you took all the salt out of the ocean and spread it over the land, the salt would form a layer more than 500 feet (166 m) deep. You might think the ocean would become increasingly salty over time, but part of the reason it does not is because many of the ions in the ocean are taken in by the organisms that live in the ocean. Another factor may be the formation of new minerals. Annual mean sea surface salinity from the 2009 World Ocean Atlas. Salinity is listed in practical salinity units (PSU). Plumbago Salinity of Lakes So, lakes get water from streams and rivers. Lakes are in contact with the ground. Why arent they salty? Well, some are! Think of the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Other lakes, such as the Great Lakes, are filled with water that contains many minerals, yet doesnt taste salty. Why is this? Partly it is because the water tastes salty if it contains sodium ions and chloride ions. If the minerals associated with a lake dont contain much sodium, the water wont be very salty. Another reason lakes tend not to be salty is because water often leaves lakes to continue its trip toward the sea. According to an article in Science Daily, a drop of water and its associated ions will remain in one of the Great Lakes for around 200 years. On the other hand, a water droplet and its salts may remain in the ocean for 100-200 million years. The most dilute lake in the world is Lae Notasha, located near the crest of the Oregon Cascade in Oregon, United States. Its conductivity ranges about  1.3 to 1.6 uS cm-1, with bicarbonate as the dominant anion. While a forest surrounds the lake, the watershed appears not to significantly contribute to the ionic composition of the water. Because the water is so dilute, the lake is ideal for monitoring atmospheric contaminants. Sources Anati, D. A. (1999). The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions. Int. J. Salt Lake. Res. 8: 55–70. doi:10.1007/bf02442137Eilers, J. M.; Sullivan, T. J.; Hurley, K. C. (1990). The most dilute lake in the world?. Hydrobiologia. 199: 1–6. doi:10.1007/BF00007827Millero, F. J. (1993). What is PSU?.  Oceanography.  6  (3): 67.Pawlowicz, R. (2013). Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density. Nature Education Knowledge. 4 (4): 13.Pawlowicz, R.; Feistel, R. (2012). Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10). Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 10 (11): 853–867. doi:10.4319/lom.2012.10.853

The Movie Fences Film Analysis - 1202 Words

Fences is a drama film directed, starring and produced by Denzel Washington, along with Academy Award Winner Viola Davis and adapted from the play Fences by August Wilson. The movie Fences focuses with elements of distrust and change among a working-class African-American father Troy Maxson, who makes his living as a garbage collector during the 1950s in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Maxson’s dream was to become a professional baseball player, but he was considered too old when the league began recruiting black athletes. Sullen after hearing the truth, Troy creates more problems in his family when he dismisses his son Cory’s chance to play professional football. The director’s perception of African American experience during the time period is†¦show more content†¦The overall movie is good, but it doesn’t provide the same aesthetic quality that the playwright does, but it does have strong casting and important themes. Denzel Washington, who plays Troy Maxson, delivers an unforgettable performance to the audience, leaving no emotion untouched. Like many of Washington’s movies, he has the mysterious gift of absorbing his fictional character from the script and making viewers believe his character is palpable. His delivery of lines are powerful thus forcing me to recollect events that revealed the same emotions he felt in a past time, â€Å"See? I’m gonna build me a fence around what belongs to me. And then I want you to stay on the other side. See? You stay over there until you’re ready for me,† his expression of anger and sadness is something familiar to my own. (Wilson 108). I had experienced a death in my own family, with the aid of Washington’s fervent delivery of his lines, I was able to remember the same unpleasant moments similar to the characters. Also, Viola Davis who plays Rose Maxson in the movie, reminds me of my own mother. The vivacity in her acting allows to indirectly provide char acteristics for Rose, she was strong, independent, selfless and practical. Rose Maxson was a mother, that would do anything for her family even give up the dreams she wanted most She demonstrated this by saying, â€Å"I took all my feelings, my wants and needs,Show MoreRelatedThe Movie Fences Film Analysis1254 Words   |  6 PagesFences is a drama film directed and starred by Denzel Washington, along with Academy Award Winner, Viola Davis as well as adapted from the play Fences by August Wilson. The movie Fences focuses with elements of distrust and change among a working-class African-American father Troy Maxson, works as a garbage collector during the 1950s in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Maxson’s dream was to become a professional baseball player, but he was considered too old when the league began recruiting black athletesRead MoreBoy in Striped Pajamas1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Boy In Striped Pajamas: A Movie Analysis The film is an emotional experience highlighting the tragedy of innocence, using the point of view of an eight-year-old German boy to expose the raw psychological devastation of the era. Its an unnerving film with a knockout punch for an ending, but it feels more acceptable as an educational piece than a profoundly rewarding work of drama. 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The artistic intensions of this film are implicitly stated everywhere throughout the film. All of the dancing, singing, acting and pretend fighting was done thoroughly and very well, although the mikingRead MoreAn Analysis Of John Boyne s The Boy s The Striped Pajamas 1503 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause (respond in at least 2 sentences): I have watched the movie many times and I always wanted to know which was better and what the difference between the book and the film. Connecting with Character: Protagonist Bruno How do you relate to this character? Similarities Differences Beginning: Bruno wanted to meet Shmuel and become friends with him at first sight; He wanted to play with him also. But they were separated by a fence. I can relate to that because I like meeting new friends andRead MoreThe Film War Horse By Michael Morpurgo1575 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement is a storytelling device across all film genres, for example in the film War Horse. 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The opening scene of the film is U.SRead MoreEssay on The Pianist1175 Words   |  5 PagesProf. Hirchfelder, K-213 ENG2102, Sec. 06 26 March 2013 Scene Analysis Paper Musical Dependency The 2002 film, The Pianist directed by Roman Polanski focuses on the hardships of a well-known, local concert pianist, Wladyslaw Szpilman. Wladyslaw Szpilman is played by actor Adrien Brody, who does an excellent job portraying both the warmhearted side of Szpliman and the desperate struggling side we see later on in the film. The film is based on Szpilman’s book, The Pianist where he discusses trueRead MoreAnalysis of August Wilsons Short Story Fences2029 Words   |  8 Pageswhat it means, other than life is hard (Calvert, n.d.) In so many ways Fences is such an ordinary story that its power comes from the ways in which ordinary people hear and view it. There is no doubt but that the metaphor of the fence prevails, working its way across work, family, friendship and the emotional pain of living a life literally dependent on garbage for survival. This is what Wilson wrote about in his Fences of the 1950s. In retrospect, however, it doesnt take a lot to put some of

Small Animal Diseases Essay Example For Students

Small Animal Diseases Essay Louise Pasteur, a Frenchman who was neither a physician nor a veterinarian moved into the spotlight to help find a vaccine for Rabies. He began the study of Rabies when two rabid dogs were brought into his laboratory. One of the dogs suffered from the dumb form of the disease: his lower jaw hung down, he foamed at the mouth, and his eyes had a rather vacant look. The other dog was furious: he snapped, bit any object held out to him, and let out frightening howls (McCoy 65). Through the studies already observed, rabies was transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal, and that the incubation period varied from a few days to several months. Beyond this, nothing definite was known. Then M. Bouley, a professor of veterinary science, noted a germ or organism in the saliva of a rabid dog. Pasteur confirmed Bouleys findings by collecting some mucus from a child bitten by a rapid dog, and injecting it into rabbits. The results of this experiment ended with all the rabbits dying within 36 hours. This experiment established two facts: an organism was present in the saliva of rabid animals, and it could be transmitted to another animal or a human being through a bite (McCoy 66). Further research led Pasteur to the conclusion that the rabies organism was located in other parts of the infected animals body besides its saliva. Experiments on the skulls of rabid dogs shoed that the brain contained the rabies virus. Pasture then cultured some viruses from several rabid dogs brains. The virus was then injected into rabbits. In every case the rabies would appear within 14 days (McCoy 67). After several experiments, Pasteur went on to perfect a rabies vaccine. He first demonstrated to physicians and veterinarians that the rabies could be cultured from the brains of living dogs. Pasteur successfully proved that his antirabies vaccine could now be safely administered and animals could be vaccinated against the disease. Once the vaccine was perfected, Pasteur turned the task of finding a vaccine for human patients. After considerable research and patients, Pasteur eventually developed a human vaccine against rabies. The vaccine would be given through a system of inculcations and would prevent the disease in a patient recently bitten by a rapid dog (McCoy 67). This system became known as the Pasteur Treatment for rabies. Although there is still no cure for this disease in animals or humans, the disease can be prevented if the vaccines are given early enough. The most recent update for rabies, is how the vaccination is administered. The vaccine now only has to be given every three years to animals who had already been vaccinated once when they were puppies or kittens. Coccidiosis is an infection of microscopic parasites called coccidia that invade the intestines of dogs and cats. The most common type of coccidia in dogs is Isospora canis, while cats are most frequently affected by Isospora felis (Vet Centric 1). Coccidiosis rarely affects a healthy dog or cat, but it can lead to gastrointestinal problems and death in sick adult animals. Puppies and kittens also are at risk for serious infection. Animals that are affected by a coccidia may experience problems such as watery diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, dehydration, anorexia, decreased or absent appetite, abdominal pain, anemia, mental depression, and in severe cases death. To diagnose coccidiosis, a fecal flotation examination identical to the roundworm fecal exam is performed. Coccidia may be difficult to detect because these parasites are much smaller than the roundworm eggs and from all other eggs passed from worms (Vet Centric 1). Transmission of coccidia begins when coccidia, are passed in the feces from an infected dog or cat into another animals environment, where they can develop and be consumed by another animal. Transmission also can occur when a dog or cat eats a rodent that has been infected with the parasite. The prognosis for an animal that has a healthy immune system is good. For puppies, kittens, and older animals that have a weak immune system, the prognosis is poor without treatment and death may occur. With treatment, however, the prognosis is good. The key to prevention is proper sanitation and an environment free of feces. Once the parasites pass in the feces, they quickly develop into the infective stage. Mature parasites are very dangerous because they are resistant to most cleaning products and they can survive for months to years. The use of ammonia and steam cleaning also helps kill the infectious parasites. Dogs and cats should not be permitted to eat rodents because of the high probabil ity of them being carriers of the parasites. The treatment of infected canine and feline mothers soon after parturition may help prevent the spread of coccidia to the young (Vet Centric 1). Right now there are not any medicines that will kill coccidia. But there are medicines called Sulfa drugs, which can inhibit coccidial reproduction. Once the disease stops expanding, it is easier for the patients immune system to fight the disease away. This also means, that the time it takes to clear the infection depends on how many coccidia organisms there are to start with and how strong the patients immune system is. A typical treatment course lasts about a week or two but the medication should be given until the diarrhea stops plus an extra couple of days. Medication should be given for at least five days total (Vet Centric 2). Cats can be infected with feline corona virus, a contagious virus that runs the risk of developing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Kittens may be more susceptible to developing FIP because their immune systems are less developed, and there may be a genetic predisposition for purebred kittens to get the disease. FIP is a rare and deadly form of a corona virus. In most cases, the corona virus itself is not serious, but FIP is usually fatal. FIP causes the cats immune system to attack its own cells, damaging blood vessels throughout the body. Without adequate blood flow, many of the bodys organs can be severely damaged and go into some kind of failure. Once a cat shows signs of FIP they generally die from it quickly (Vet Centic 3). There are two forms of FIP; both of them are equally life threatening. The effusive, or wet, form occurs when fluid is produced in the body. Signs of effusive FIP are a swollen abdomen, fever, weight loss, and breathing difficulties. Clinical signs of th e effusive form of FIP can vary, but typically include, depression, anorexia, weight loss, fever, dyspnea, and tachypnea. The second form, which is non-effusive, or dry, can lead to neurological disorders such as seizures and brain damage. The signs of non-effusive FIP are similar to effusive FIP with the exception of eye problems, a yellow color to the eyes or skin, and neurological signs such as difficulty walking and seizures. The clinical signs of non-effusive FIP may include pyrexia, weight loss, depression, anorexia, ocular lesions, icterus, and neurological signs such as ataxia and seizures (Vet Centric 3). FIP is a frustrating disease to veterinarians and animal owners. It is not yet understood why certain cats with the corona virus develop FIP while others do not. There is no cure or a completely effective vaccine for this fatal illness. There is not even a diagnostic procedure, short of an autopsy, that will determine the presence of FIP; resulting in diagnosis which is ba sed on suspicion and clinical signs. The FIP virus can be transmitted during grooming, through the ingestion of infected feces, from sneezing, and from close contact with items such as litter boxes and food bowls used by cats with the disease. The virus can survive in the environment in dry conditions for long periods of time. Less commonly, a mother cat can pass on the disease to her unborn kittens through nursing. The way newborn kittens from infected mothers are handled from birth determines whether they will become infected with the corona virus. One to two weeks before delivery, the birthing area should be kept free of cats and should be disinfected with a bleach solution made by adding one part bleach to 31 parts water. If the mother cat tests positive for the corona virus, the newborns should be removed from her at five to six weeks of age to prevent infection; before this time period, they will be protected from the disease by the mothers antibodies (Vet Centric 3). To dete rmine if a cat has FIP is never 100% accurate, but the correct way to eliminate other thoughts of diseases is by taking a thorough history, performing a complete physical examination of the cat and taking blood tests that detect abnormalities in body organs, such as the kidney or liver. For cats that have symptoms of effusive FIP, a diagnostic procedure requires taking a sample of the fluid that is building up within the cats abdomen and testing this for analysis of the cell types and protein content present within the fluid. For cats that show signs of the dry form of the disease, an organ biopsy of the kidneys and lymph nodes can be taken and sent to a pathologist to look for the microscopic changes that occur in cats with FIP. This procedure is not always recommended because it creates stress that can worsen a sick cats condition. At this time, there are no specific diagnostic tests except for an autopsy that can determine whether a cat has FIP. The blood tests that are available simply determine if the cat has been exposed to the corona virus. Exposure to the corona virus, however, does not mean necessarily that the animal has FIP; typically, the corona virus leads to other minor disorders, such as intestinal problems like diarrhea and vomiting. Its hard to differentiate these two diseases because they are so identical in signs and symptoms. Cheever EssayThere treatments for each kind of worm that infests an animals body. For roundworm, Cina 3X, which is a wormseed, can be given one tablet at a time three times a day for at least three weeks. To help pass out the worms, a half to two teaspoons (depending on the animals size) of wheat or oat bran can be added to their daily meals. In treating tapeworms, a variety of worm discouragers can be added to the animals food such as pumpkin seeds (1/4 to 1 tsp), wheat-germ oil (1/4 to 1 tsp), and vegetable enzymes (1/4 to 1 tsp) such as figs and papaya. Also, Filix mas 3X, an herbal remedy, can be given one tablet at a time three times a day. Work CitedCarlson, Delbert and Giffen, Jamies. Cat owners home veterinary Handbook. New york,NY: Howell Book House Inc., 1986 daly, carol. caring for your sick cat. Fairgrieve, Midi. the natural way for cats and dogsMccoy, J. J The world of the veterinarian.

Solidarity and Its Effect on the Fall of European Communist free essay sample

Although Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany would receive more attention and recognition for their roles in the demise of communism, Poland with its abort and inflation problems throughout the sasss and 1 asss would be the catalyst that ignites the movement towards democracy throughout Eastern Europe including the former Soviet Union. Solidarity roots can be traced from its meager beginnings escalating from the ashes of Polish labor strikes of 1 970 and 1976 to its origins as a trade union in the Lenin Shipyards of Agenda in 1980.The Solidarity Trade Union, at its highest point of popularity, would include almost 10 million Polish citizens, about one quarter of the total Polish population. Solidarity would rise from the first non-communist independent trade union to becoming a full-fledged political party that would take all but one seat in the Polish Parliament during the election of 1989. In 1990, the leader of the Solidarity party, Lech Wales would become the first freely e lected president of Poland since the Communist Party took control of the government in 1947. We will write a custom essay sample on Solidarity and Its Effect on the Fall of European Communist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poland experienced many social and economic issues in the sasss, continuing on through the sasss. From the shipyard strike of 1 970, in which over 200 people were killed, to the work stoppages of 980 that would eventually spread across the nation, the Polish Government continuously raised prices on basic domestic commodities while lowering worker wage. This was partially because of Pollards acquisition of investment from western banks which ran in direct contradiction to the communist principle.John Dearborn, in his book Central and Eastern Europe, stated that the Polish Government launched a campaign of crash modernization and industrialization, but did it all with borrowed money from Western governments and banks (103). These economic policies would trigger social unrest and bring about the organizing of the Solidarity Trade Union, the first legalized non-communist trade union within the Eastern Bloc. Because the union was moving towards becoming more of a political party, it was seen as a threat to the Communist government.Not long after Solidarity was recognized by the gover nment, the new Prime Minister General Which Serializes citing possible intervention and invasion by the Soviet Union, declared martial law in 1981 and banned all labor unions including Colic while imprisoning most Of its leader. Although the crackdown Of the lat event only lasted 1 8 months, the banning of Solidarity would remit until 1989, forcing it to exist underground. After more worker strikes in members of the communist government requested Lech Wales and 0 Solidarity leaders to participate in what is known as the Round Table T The outcome of these meetings resulted in the legalization of labor par the existence of plural political parties, and the agreement to hold gene elections. As the new Polish Government formed, others nations within Warsaw pact took notice of Pollards changes and began the immersion heir own revolutions by their citizens and also from inside their governments.Beginning with Hungary and Czechoslovakia, reforms wit their governments both economic and political would continue to follow. Pollards leading example. Within weeks of the changes within their governments, other Eastern Bloc countries, and most notable: East Gear would begin policies of openness and change. It is common belief Mac some historians and media that the for the fall of Eastern European communism has been related to the appointment of Mikhail Coacher Gener al Secretary of the Soviet Union and continuous pressure from the United States under the leadership of Ronald Reagan.According to Janis Kowalski in Spring in Winter, to read the press, or to hear some west. Leaders talk, you would think that history began with Geographer. His or undeniable- Glasnost, Perestroika, the acceptance of the principle that member of the Warsaw Pact is free to arrange its own internal affairs ( After years of hard line communist leaders, the Soviet Union itself felt TTL need for more economic and social reforms. Shortly after coming to pop March of 1985, Mikhail Geographer and his government began to implore he policies of Glasnost (Openness) and Perestroika (Restructuring).Glee allowed for more freedom of speech and the press, which initiated and ultimately led to the rise of opposition and criticism of the Communist Government. With Perestroika and its programs of political and cocoon reform, Geographer directed the Soviet political Structure and its economy towards demagnification and free market capitalism. These policies alls to more openness towards the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe as the increase of Nationalism within its own borders.